Of Other Spaces, Heterotopias

1. Site (Emplacement)
1.1. The relations of proximity between points or elements.
1.2. The importance of site to contemporary governing techniques
1.3. Example: Demography

2. What is a site?
2.1. A bundle of relations
2.2. Some sites of differences
"But among all these sites, I am interested in certain ones that have the curious property of being in relation with all the other sites, but in such a way as to suspect, neutralize, or invent the set of relations that they happen to designate, mirror, or reflect."
2.3. Utopia and heterotopia

3. Utopia
3.1. No real place
3.2. Maintaining a relation of direct or inverse analogy with the real space of society.
3.3. Example: 桃花園

4. Heterotopia
4.1. Actual place of utopia
4.2. Experience between heterotopia and utopia-- mirror
4.3. It is a utopia
-A placeless place
-I see myself where I am not
-A shadow gives me my own visibility
4.4. It is a heterotopia
-It directs my eyes toward my self and to reconstitute myself
-It makes the space I occupy visible and intelligible
4.5. Heterotopology
-A systematic description of the space as a heterotopia

5. Heterotopology
5.1. All cultures establish heterotopias
-"Crisis heterotopia"
5.2. Each heterotopia and its relation with others are subject to historical changes
-Example: Cemetery
5.3. Several incompatible emplacements are included in heterotopia
-Examples: Theatre and cinema
5.4. Heterochronias
-Examples: Museum and library
-Example: Festival
5.5. Heterotopias presuppose a system of opening and closing
-Example: American motel rooms
5.6. The functions of heterotopias:
-Two poles: Heterotopias of illusion and compensation
-Heterotopia of illusion: brothels
-Heterotopia of compensation: colonies (and theme parks)

6. Counter space
6.1. The politics between spaces
6.2. A new understanding of counter-culture
6.3. A new understanding of our civilization
6.4. Huang Sunquan's analysis of rave culture

Social Relations

1. Social sciences and time
1.1. Social Darwinism
1.2. Social evolution and revolution
1.3. Time: a linear view of time
1.4. Example: Marxist theory
1.4.1. History and class struggle
1.4.2. The progress of history is the accumulation of productive power
1.4.3. Primitive communism-->Slavery society-->Feudalism-->Capitalism-->Socialism-->Communism

2. Social sciences and national space
2.1. Society (or economy)
2.2. Space is given and the national boundary is assumed.
2.3. Social relations are confined to the national boundary.
2.4. The rise of the power of nation-state.

3. Social sciences and time-space dynamics
3.1. The notions of globalization
3.2. Globalization of capitalism (production and consumption)
3.3. Globalizaton of human flow
3.4. The crisis of social sciences

4. Social relations and globalization
4.1. Spatialized social relations:
4.1.1. Dependency theory
4.1.2. World System Theory (Core, semi-periphery and periphery)
4.2. Material process in global space (David Harvey): Time-space compression

5. Time-space compression
5.1. Industrial revolution and Fordism
5.1.1. Space: agglomeration of producers and products
5.1.2. Time: labor time and industrial time
5.2. Post-Fordism and Flexible accumulation
5.2.1. Space: An expanded production newtworks
5.2.2. Time: Just-in-time and real time

Henri Lefebvre

1. Henri Lefebvre (1901-1991)
1.1. Marxist and The French Communist Party
1.2. The influence of Dadism, Surrealism (Marcel Duchamp) and Situationist
1.3. The influence of phenomenology, Nietzsche, Hegel, ... ...

2. Critique of Cartesian theory of space
2.1. Space as category (Euclidean geometry)
2.2. Space as object
2.3. Subject vs. Object (space)
2.4. Modernist concept of space

3. Critique of Capitalism
3.1. Reification of space
3.2. Space as commodity
3.3. Space is de-historicized.

4. Production of space
4.1. Bringing history back to space
4.2. Exploring the agency in space
4.3. Space as "concrete-abstraction": practice-representation

5. Practice, representation, and space
5.1. Spatial practices
The process of appropriation of space by human beings.
-Perception (perceived and concrete space)
-Everyday life
-Body

5.2. Representations of space
The conceptualization of space
-Cognition (conceived and abstract space)
-Symbolic order
-Imaginary

5.3. Space of representation
-Lived space
-Concrete-abstraction

6. Analysis of markets
-Spatial practices in markets
-People's mental maps of markets
-Government's concepts of "markets" (Hong Kong's "market building")
-Developers' concepts of "markets" (shopping mall)

7. Public culture and city
-Public space in culture (representation)
-Public culture in space (practices)
-City as concrete-abstraction

8. Skateboarding
-Spatial practices, architecture and city
-Perception of urban space
-Regulation of public space and skateboarding


References
Henri Lefebvre 1901-1991
Radical Philosophy: Henri Lefebvre 1901-1991
Henri Lefebvre's The Production of Space