Conclusion

1. Experience, practice and everyday life
1.1. Example: Experiencing McDonald's in Hong Kong
1.2. Participatory observation
1.3. Thick description of the daily life in McDonald's.
1.4. Problem: how do people appropriate the spaces of McDonald's restaurant?
References:
Golden arches east : McDonald's in East Asia / edited by James L. Watson
Lui Tai Lok "The Malling of Hong Kong"

2. Media representation and space
2.1. Example: Spatial representation in Hong Kong movies
2.2. Fruit Chan, Wong Kar-wai, Johnnie To (before and after 1997)
2.3. The effect of the spatial representations on people's mental images of Hong Kong and local identities
2.4. Problem: How do people represent Hong Kong in different media?
References:
Donald, James. 1999. “Chapter 3: Light in Dark Spaces.” Imagining the Modern City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 63-93.

3. Space of representation
3.1. Example: IKEA
3.2. Human experience in IKEA
3.3. The floor plan and spatial arrangement of IKEA shops
3.4. IKEA shops as heterotopia
3.5. Problem: What is the role of IKEA in the formation of middle-class families?
References:
Benjamin, Walter. "Paris, the capital of the nineteenth century."
Foucault, Michel. "Out of space."
The celebration chronicles : life, liberty, and the pursuit of property value in Disney's new town / Andrew Ross

4. Global spaces
4.1. Example: Disneyland
4.2. Global dynamics and local process
4.3. Ideoscape and mediascape
4.4. Problem: What are the driving forces behind the spread of theme parks?
References:
Sorkin, Michael. Variations on a Theme Park
Gottdiener, Mark. The Theming of America
Foglesong, Richard E. Married to the Mouse: Walt Disney World and Orlando.
施鵬翔及葉蔭聰《迪士尼不是樂園》

Of Other Spaces, Heterotopias

1. Site (Emplacement)
1.1. The relations of proximity between points or elements.
1.2. The importance of site to contemporary governing techniques
1.3. Example: Demography

2. What is a site?
2.1. A bundle of relations
2.2. Some sites of differences
"But among all these sites, I am interested in certain ones that have the curious property of being in relation with all the other sites, but in such a way as to suspect, neutralize, or invent the set of relations that they happen to designate, mirror, or reflect."
2.3. Utopia and heterotopia

3. Utopia
3.1. No real place
3.2. Maintaining a relation of direct or inverse analogy with the real space of society.
3.3. Example: 桃花園

4. Heterotopia
4.1. Actual place of utopia
4.2. Experience between heterotopia and utopia-- mirror
4.3. It is a utopia
-A placeless place
-I see myself where I am not
-A shadow gives me my own visibility
4.4. It is a heterotopia
-It directs my eyes toward my self and to reconstitute myself
-It makes the space I occupy visible and intelligible
4.5. Heterotopology
-A systematic description of the space as a heterotopia

5. Heterotopology
5.1. All cultures establish heterotopias
-"Crisis heterotopia"
5.2. Each heterotopia and its relation with others are subject to historical changes
-Example: Cemetery
5.3. Several incompatible emplacements are included in heterotopia
-Examples: Theatre and cinema
5.4. Heterochronias
-Examples: Museum and library
-Example: Festival
5.5. Heterotopias presuppose a system of opening and closing
-Example: American motel rooms
5.6. The functions of heterotopias:
-Two poles: Heterotopias of illusion and compensation
-Heterotopia of illusion: brothels
-Heterotopia of compensation: colonies (and theme parks)

6. Counter space
6.1. The politics between spaces
6.2. A new understanding of counter-culture
6.3. A new understanding of our civilization
6.4. Huang Sunquan's analysis of rave culture

Social Relations

1. Social sciences and time
1.1. Social Darwinism
1.2. Social evolution and revolution
1.3. Time: a linear view of time
1.4. Example: Marxist theory
1.4.1. History and class struggle
1.4.2. The progress of history is the accumulation of productive power
1.4.3. Primitive communism-->Slavery society-->Feudalism-->Capitalism-->Socialism-->Communism

2. Social sciences and national space
2.1. Society (or economy)
2.2. Space is given and the national boundary is assumed.
2.3. Social relations are confined to the national boundary.
2.4. The rise of the power of nation-state.

3. Social sciences and time-space dynamics
3.1. The notions of globalization
3.2. Globalization of capitalism (production and consumption)
3.3. Globalizaton of human flow
3.4. The crisis of social sciences

4. Social relations and globalization
4.1. Spatialized social relations:
4.1.1. Dependency theory
4.1.2. World System Theory (Core, semi-periphery and periphery)
4.2. Material process in global space (David Harvey): Time-space compression

5. Time-space compression
5.1. Industrial revolution and Fordism
5.1.1. Space: agglomeration of producers and products
5.1.2. Time: labor time and industrial time
5.2. Post-Fordism and Flexible accumulation
5.2.1. Space: An expanded production newtworks
5.2.2. Time: Just-in-time and real time

Henri Lefebvre

1. Henri Lefebvre (1901-1991)
1.1. Marxist and The French Communist Party
1.2. The influence of Dadism, Surrealism (Marcel Duchamp) and Situationist
1.3. The influence of phenomenology, Nietzsche, Hegel, ... ...

2. Critique of Cartesian theory of space
2.1. Space as category (Euclidean geometry)
2.2. Space as object
2.3. Subject vs. Object (space)
2.4. Modernist concept of space

3. Critique of Capitalism
3.1. Reification of space
3.2. Space as commodity
3.3. Space is de-historicized.

4. Production of space
4.1. Bringing history back to space
4.2. Exploring the agency in space
4.3. Space as "concrete-abstraction": practice-representation

5. Practice, representation, and space
5.1. Spatial practices
The process of appropriation of space by human beings.
-Perception (perceived and concrete space)
-Everyday life
-Body

5.2. Representations of space
The conceptualization of space
-Cognition (conceived and abstract space)
-Symbolic order
-Imaginary

5.3. Space of representation
-Lived space
-Concrete-abstraction

6. Analysis of markets
-Spatial practices in markets
-People's mental maps of markets
-Government's concepts of "markets" (Hong Kong's "market building")
-Developers' concepts of "markets" (shopping mall)

7. Public culture and city
-Public space in culture (representation)
-Public culture in space (practices)
-City as concrete-abstraction

8. Skateboarding
-Spatial practices, architecture and city
-Perception of urban space
-Regulation of public space and skateboarding


References
Henri Lefebvre 1901-1991
Radical Philosophy: Henri Lefebvre 1901-1991
Henri Lefebvre's The Production of Space

From urban ecology to public culture

1. The birth of urban sociology: Chicago School
1.1. Robert Park and Lewis Wirth (The early 20th century)
1.2. Migrants and cities (Chicago, New York, ... ...)
1.3. Urbanization: social differentiation and integration
1.4. Park: Communities, as natural areas, are living in the urban ecology perpetuated by market economy
1.5. Wirth: Urbanism as a way of life
1.5.1. Number
1.5.2. Density
1.5.3. Heterogeneity
1.5.4. Social disorganization
1.5.5. Social (re-)integration: A particular way of life emerges to integrate people together.

2. Marxist approaches
2.1. Manuel Castells
2.1.1. Cities are the integral components of capitalism (class and production system) rather than a nature-like ecology
2.1.2. The crisis of capitalism: class conflict
2.1.3. Class conflicts are caused by over-accumulation of capital and under-investment of labor reproduction (housing, education, ... ...)
2.1.4. State intervention: providing collective consumption
2.1.5. Communities are class-based and urban conflicts are extension of class struggles
2.2. David Harvey
2.3. City as a transformed site of power struggles

3. Politics of urban culture/ urbanism
3.1. Background I: The rise of symbolic economy and cultural institution
Examples: Times Square I, II, III
3.2. Background II: Class politics is replaced by identity politics
3.3. Culture is no longer social cement; instead, it is a contested terrain of representation.
3.4. Public place becomes the stage of new struggles.
3.5. Example: West Kowloon Cultural District

Loft Living Culture and Capital in Urban Change

References
Saunders, Peter. 1981. Social Theory and Urban Question. NY: Holmes & Meier.
Urban Sociology theories
作為一種政治生活的都市文化： 文化研究、城市與香港

Everyday life I: Market

0. Economic geography
0.1. Central place theory
0.2. Paul Krugman: New Economic geography ("cluster effect")

1. "Market": from the perspective of textbook economics
1.1. Market is understood as price mechanism
1.2. Market is portrayed as an/ the economic law
1.3. Market is de-contextualized and a-spatialized.
1.4. Where is the "Market"?

2. Karl Polanyi (1886-1964)
2.1. The Great Transformation
2.2. Markets, exchange and social embedded-ness
-Economy: redistribution, reciprocity and exchange
-Exchange was only an incidental and insignificant component in human activities.
-Markets had been subordinated to social activities, institutions and systems.
-Example I: Kula ring
-Example II: A fresh market in a community
2.5. A self-regulating market
-A ficitious utopia
-An outcome of a series government policies in the 18th and 19th century
-Labor market ("Enclosure", Poor Law, the New Poor Law and Speenhamland Law)
2.6. A self-regulating market against society
-Movement: the expansion of self-regulating market
-Counter-movement or self-protection of society: restricting the self-regulating market (labor movement, labor union, welfare state ...)
2.7. Market is a national institional space perpetuated by ideo-political forces.

3. Fernand Braudel (1902-1985)
3.1. An historican of the Annals School（年鑑學派）
3.2. Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century
3.3. He put economics and geography together to analyze our economic activities.
3.4. Economy: Livelihood, markets and capitalism
3.5. Markets
3.5.1. Markets are geographically bounded:
-Roles: peasant, pedlar, porter, fisherwoman, artisan, trader, shop-owner, shop-keeper, ... ...
-village markets and "halls" in towns
-markets in the outskirt of towns
-regional fair
-shopping streets
(The Fair on the Thames, the 17th century)
-long-distance trades (the potentials of capitalism)
3.5.2. The principles of markets
-Good-Money-Good
-competitive
-transparent
-locally and socially embedded (place-bounded)
3.6. Capitalism and markets
3.6.1. The principles of capitalism
-Roles: traders, brokers, money-lenders, bankers, merchants
-Money-Good-Money
(London Royal Exchange)
-monopolistic
-secret
-Redefining and recreating spaces:
*Transgressing geographical boundaries (15th century)-national protection (17th and 18th: age of mercantilism, 19th-early 20th century: industrial age)-globalized (late 20th century-present)
*North Italy-Amsterdam-London
(The story of the Saint George Flag)
3.6.2. Capitalism was and is controlled by a handful of elities
3.6.3. Capitailism is hierarchical
-Capitalism is highly organized and institutionalized (corporate groups)
-It relies on and swallows markets and livelihood
3.7. The spatial implications for economic life
3.7.1. Economic life is differentiated spatially and socially.
3.7.2. The spaces of economies:
-Livelihood (e.g. experiences of home and domestic sphere)
-Markets (e.g. experiences of community, representation of local place and local knowledge)
-Capitalism (e.g. global representations and economic rhetorics)

References
Braudel, Fernand. 1977. Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism. Baltimore: John Hopkins.
布羅岱爾1997《資本主義論叢》北京：中央編譯出版社。
Crang, Philip. 1997. "Cultural turns and the (re)constitution of economic geography." Geographies of Econmies. Edited by Roger Lee and Jane Wills. London: Arnold, 1-15.

Commodity culture and spatial representation

*Paris, the capital of the nineteenth century (Walter Benjamin)
1. The fragmented representations of space
1.1. The collapse of city as a concept of organic unity
1.2. The impossibility of defining a city as a whole.
1.3. All wholistic concepts of city are challenged.

2. Political and philosophical ideas (Fourier's "utopia") and building
2.1. Building or architecture?
2.2. Building is not determined by architects.
2.3. The political and philosophical ideas behind building and technology were/are responses to modernity.
2.4. Example: Hong Kong's resettlement housing

3. Commodity culture and commercial space
3.1. From Marxist critique of capitalist economy into commodity culture
3.2. The value form of commodity: use value, exchange value and cultural value
3.3. Exchange value of commodity: commodity fetishism
3.4. Cultural value: Phantasmagoria
-Display value of commodity
-Specialties, novelties and fashion: a timeless world
-Commodity culture and space

4. Visual culture and space
4.1. The development in fine arts (e.g. Art nouveau) and commodity culture
-Arts went beyond the small circle of the bourgeois and aristocratic world
-Commercialization of arts vs. avant-garde
4.2. Urban space is highly visualized.


5. Flaneur: Subjectivity-representations-urban space
5.1. People became alienated from the urban world.
5.2. People connected themselves with the urban world through "eyes".
5.3. The capitalist culture lured the citizens to its phantasmagoria through visual culture.




6. Social-spatial engineering
6.1. City as a spectacle
6.2. Baroque city (The Grand Manner) enables the cities to become spectacles
-Straight street
-Baroque diagonal
-Trivium and polyvium
-Boulevards
-Uniformity
-Variety in unity
-Vista
-Monument
-Ceremonial axis
6.3. The function of Baroque city
-Further alienation of people from the city
-Providing linear perspective for spectators
-Promoting the idea of city as performance
6.4. The historical affinity between spatial-social engineering and capitalist commodity culture