Everyday life I: Market

0. Economic geography
0.1. Central place theory
0.2. Paul Krugman: New Economic geography ("cluster effect")

1. "Market": from the perspective of textbook economics
1.1. Market is understood as price mechanism
1.2. Market is portrayed as an/ the economic law
1.3. Market is de-contextualized and a-spatialized.
1.4. Where is the "Market"?

2. Karl Polanyi (1886-1964)
2.1. The Great Transformation
2.2. Markets, exchange and social embedded-ness
-Economy: redistribution, reciprocity and exchange
-Exchange was only an incidental and insignificant component in human activities.
-Markets had been subordinated to social activities, institutions and systems.
-Example I: Kula ring
-Example II: A fresh market in a community
2.5. A self-regulating market
-A ficitious utopia
-An outcome of a series government policies in the 18th and 19th century
-Labor market ("Enclosure", Poor Law, the New Poor Law and Speenhamland Law)
2.6. A self-regulating market against society
-Movement: the expansion of self-regulating market
-Counter-movement or self-protection of society: restricting the self-regulating market (labor movement, labor union, welfare state ...)
2.7. Market is a national institional space perpetuated by ideo-political forces.

3. Fernand Braudel (1902-1985)
3.1. An historican of the Annals School（年鑑學派）
3.2. Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century
3.3. He put economics and geography together to analyze our economic activities.
3.4. Economy: Livelihood, markets and capitalism
3.5. Markets
3.5.1. Markets are geographically bounded:
-Roles: peasant, pedlar, porter, fisherwoman, artisan, trader, shop-owner, shop-keeper, ... ...
-village markets and "halls" in towns
-markets in the outskirt of towns
-regional fair
-shopping streets
(The Fair on the Thames, the 17th century)
-long-distance trades (the potentials of capitalism)
3.5.2. The principles of markets
-Good-Money-Good
-competitive
-transparent
-locally and socially embedded (place-bounded)
3.6. Capitalism and markets
3.6.1. The principles of capitalism
-Roles: traders, brokers, money-lenders, bankers, merchants
-Money-Good-Money
(London Royal Exchange)
-monopolistic
-secret
-Redefining and recreating spaces:
*Transgressing geographical boundaries (15th century)-national protection (17th and 18th: age of mercantilism, 19th-early 20th century: industrial age)-globalized (late 20th century-present)
*North Italy-Amsterdam-London
(The story of the Saint George Flag)
3.6.2. Capitalism was and is controlled by a handful of elities
3.6.3. Capitailism is hierarchical
-Capitalism is highly organized and institutionalized (corporate groups)
-It relies on and swallows markets and livelihood
3.7. The spatial implications for economic life
3.7.1. Economic life is differentiated spatially and socially.
3.7.2. The spaces of economies:
-Livelihood (e.g. experiences of home and domestic sphere)
-Markets (e.g. experiences of community, representation of local place and local knowledge)
-Capitalism (e.g. global representations and economic rhetorics)

References
Braudel, Fernand. 1977. Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism. Baltimore: John Hopkins.
布羅岱爾1997《資本主義論叢》北京：中央編譯出版社。
Crang, Philip. 1997. "Cultural turns and the (re)constitution of economic geography." Geographies of Econmies. Edited by Roger Lee and Jane Wills. London: Arnold, 1-15.